Optic Neuritis in the New Millennium

Abstract

Optic neuritis (ON) is a common cause of acute visual loss due to optic neuropathy in adults. Although typical demyelinating ON usually recovers, some forms of autoimmune inflammatory ON may result in permanent disability. The relatively recent discovery of novel autoantibodies and their roles in the pathogenesis of ON, including aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody in MOG-associated disease (MOGAD) has led to paradigm shifts in both the acute and chronic management of ON. We performed a comprehensive literature review to assess current and upcoming perspectives on ON by searching for contemporary articles (from 2015 to 2024) for articles that reported updates in diagnostic tools and methods, such as antibody testing. This monograph reviews these recent advances in the evaluation and management of ON.

Keywords

• disease-modifying therapies (dmts)
• multiple sclerosis (ms)
• myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (mogad)
• neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (nmosd)
• optic nerve
• optic neuritis