Association Between Pharmacy Proximity With Cardiovascular Medication Use and Risk Factor Control in the United States

Abstract

Background Poor neighborhood‐level access to health care, including community pharmacies, contributes to cardiovascular disparities in the United States. The authors quantified the association between pharmacy proximity, antihypertensive and statin use, and blood pressure (BP) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) among a large, diverse US cohort. Methods and Results A cross‐sectional analysis of Black and White participants in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study during 2013 to 2016 was conducted. The authors designated pharmacy proximity by census tract using road network analysis with population‐weighted centroids within a 10‐minute drive time, with 5‐ and 20‐minute sensitivity analyses. Pill bottle review measured medication use, and BP and LDL‐C were assessed using standard methods. Poisson regression was used to quantify the association between pharmacy proximity with medication use and BP control, and linear regression for LDL‐C. Among 16 150 REGARDS participants between 2013 and 2016, 8319 (51.5%) and 8569 (53.1%) had an indication for antihypertensive and statin medication, respectively, and pharmacy proximity data. The authors did not find a consistent association between living in a census tract with higher pharmacy proximity and antihypertensive medication use, BP control, or statin medication use and LDL‐C levels, regardless of whether the area was rural, suburban, or urban. Results were similar among the 5‐ and 20‐minute drive‐time analyses. Conclusions Living in a low pharmacy proximity census tract may be associated with antihypertensive and statin medication use, or with BP control and LDL‐C levels. Although, in this US cohort, outcomes were similar for adults living in high or low pharmacy proximity census tracts.

Keywords

• antihypertensive
• disparities
• pharmacy proximity
• rural–urban
• statin