Response inhibition, set shifting, and complex executive function in patients with chronic lower back pain

Abstract

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate how response inhibition, set shifting, and complex executive function (represented by risky decision-making) are altered in chronic lower back pain patients. Materials and methods: A total of 29 patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP >6 months) aged 49–69 years and 30 healthy volunteers matched for age, gender, and education were enrolled in a case–control study. The study was conducted in the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Panevėžys Regional Hospital, Lithuania. Pain was evaluated by the visual analog scale, Pakula Pain Questionnaire (Lithuanian analog of McGill Pain Questionnaire), and Fibromyalgia Tender Points Examination. A battery of neuropsychological tests used included Stroop Test Victoria version, Trail Making Test parts A and B, and Game of Dice Task (GDT). Results: CLBP patients did not score significantly worse in any examined neuropsychological tests. Response Inhibition correlated inversely with number of tender points in CLBP patients. GDT performance showed no significant difference in net score (number of safe minus risky decisions). Unexpectedly, both groups favored risky decisions. Conclusions: We found no statistically significant difference in response inhibition, set shifting, or complex executive function between CLBP patients and healthy older adults. Moreover, a risky decision-making pattern found in the Lithuanian population may underscore the importance of cultural context when examining complex executive function. However, further studies are needed to prove this point.

Keywords

• Executive function
• Decision-making
• Chronic lower back pain
• Stroop test
• Trail Making Test