Comparative putative metabolites profiling of Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda hemocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Abstract

Abstract Horseshoe crabs are among the most studied invertebrates due to their unique, innate immune system and biological processes. The metabolomics study was conducted on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and non-stimulated hemocytes isolated from the Malaysian Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. LC–TOF–MS, multivariate analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were included in this study to profile the metabolites. A total of 37 metabolites were identified to be differentially abundant and were selected based on VIP > 1. However, of the 37 putative metabolites, only 23 were found to be significant with ANOVA at p < 0.05. The metabolites were identified using several databases, and the literature review of the metabolites was reported in the manuscript. Thus, this study has provided further insights into the putative metabolites' presence in the hemocytes of horseshoe crabs that are stimulated and non-stimulated with LPS and their abundance in each species. Several putative metabolites showed they have medicinal values from previous studies.