Formation of Jupiter-mass Binary Objects through Photoerosion of Fragmenting Cores

Abstract

The recent discovery of tens of Jupiter-mass binary objects (JuMBOs) in the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) with the James Webb Space Telescope has intensified the debate on the origin of free-floating planetary mass objects within star-forming regions. The JuMBOs have masses below the opacity limit for fragmentation but have very wide separations (from tens to hundreds of astronomical units), suggesting that they did not form in a similar manner to other substellar mass binaries. Here, we propose that the theory of photoerosion of prestellar cores by Lyman continuum radiation from massive stars could explain the JuMBOs in the ONC. We find that for a range of gas densities the final substellar mass is comfortably within the JuMBO mass range, and the separations of the JuMBOs are consistent with those of more massive (G- and A-type) binaries, which would have formed from the fragmentation of the cores had they not been photoeroded. The photoerosion mechanism is most effective within the H ii region(s) driven by the massive star(s). The majority of the observed JuMBOs lie outside of these regions in the ONC, but they may have formed within them and then subsequently migrated due to dynamical evolution.

Keywords

• Star forming regions
• Massive stars
• Star formation
• Brown dwarfs
• Free floating planets
• H II regions