Bulky glycocalyx shields cancer cells from invasion-associated stresses

Abstract

The glycocalyx—that forms a protective barrier around cells—has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. However, its role in maintaining the integrity of DNA/nucleus during migration through dense matrices remains unexplored. In this study, we address this question by first documenting heterogeneity in glycocalyx expression in highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and establishing a negative correlation between cell size and glycocalyx levels. Next, we set-up transwell migration through 3 µm pores, to isolate two distinct sub-populations and to show that the early migrating cell sub-population possesses a bulkier glycocalyx and undergoes less DNA damage and nuclear rupture, assessed using γH2AX foci formation and nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of Ku70/80. Interestingly, enzymatic removal of glycocalyx led to disintegration of the nuclear membrane indicated by increased cytoplasmic localisation of Ku70/80, increased nuclear blebbing and reduction in nuclear area. Together, these results illustrate an inverse association between bulkiness of the glycocalyx and nuclear stresses, and highlights the mechanical role of the glycocalyx in shielding migration associated stresses.

Keywords

• Glycocalyx
• Heterogeneity
• Confined migration
• Double strand breaks
• Nuclear rupture