Nature and Science of Sleep (Oct 2022)
Insomnia and Related Factors During the Delta Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Kingdom of Bahrain: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Fatema Habbash,1,2 Afif Ben Salah,1,3 Amer Almarabheh,1 Haitham Jahrami4,5 1Family and Community Medicine Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain; 2Family Medicine Department, King Abdullah University Medical Center, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain; 3Institute Pasteur de Tunis, Department of Medical Epidemiology, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvedere, Tunis, Tunisia; 4Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain; 5Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of BahrainCorrespondence: Fatema Habbash, Tel +973 17239721, Email [email protected]: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of insomnia and related risk factors during the Delta wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom of Bahrain.Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study included 646 individuals from the general population aged 18 years and over, living in the Kingdom of Bahrain during the Delta wave of the pandemic. Data were collected by an anonymous online questionnaire using the snowball-sampling technique between June and August 2021. We used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7) to measure the level of insomnia and anxiety, respectively.Results: A total of 646 individuals participated in the study. Most of the participants were females (86%). The mean age was 38.7 ± 12.7 years (age range 18– 89) and around half of the participants were 35 years or older. Clinical insomnia was reported by 20% [95% CI, 16.9– 20.0] of the participants, and 50.1% [95% CI, 46.2– 50.1] had subclinical insomnia according to ISI. The proportion of insomnia was significantly higher among females, healthcare workers, participants with lower educational levels, a lower or decreased monthly income during the pandemic, or participants who reported anxiety symptoms (all P < 0.01). Scales of anxiety and insomnia revealed a high correlation (r2 = 0.347, P< 0.01). The logistic regression model confirmed that factors independently associated with insomnia are female gender (OR=1.94, 95% CI, 1.00– 3.76, P < 0.050) as well as presence of anxiety (GAD-7 score ≥ 5) [OR=12.98, 95% CI, 5.61– 30.00, P < 0.001].Conclusion: The burden of insomnia was significant among the general population in the Kingdom of Bahrain during the Delta wave of the COVID-19 pandemic despite the low severity of this variant. Mental health programs are a high priority during the pandemic and afterward. Detection of insomnia could be used to treat some mental health problems at an early stage.Keywords: insomnia prevalence, Insomnia Severity Index, anxiety, risk factors, predictors, Bahrain
