Prevalence of spontaneous movement disorders (dyskinesia, parkinsonism, akathisia and dystonia) in never-treated patients with chronic and first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate and compare the prevalence rates of spontaneous movement disorders (SMDs), including dyskinesia, parkinsonism, akathisia and dystonia, in antipsychotic-naïve individuals with chronic psychosis and first-episode psychosis (FEP) and gain a more nuanced understanding of factors influencing their presence.Methods Several literature databases were systematically searched and screened based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Included articles underwent risk of bias assessment. The prevalence rates of SMDs were calculated using a random-effects model.Results Out of 711 articles screened, 27 were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia was 7% (3% FEP and 17% chronic schizophrenia) across 24 studies (95% CI 3 to 11; I2=94%, p<0.01) and 15% for spontaneous parkinsonism (14% FEP and 19% chronic schizophrenia) in 21 studies (95% CI 12 to 20; I2=81%, p<0.01). A meta-regression analysis found a significant positive correlation between age (p<0.05) and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (p<0.05) with dyskinesia but not parkinsonism prevalence. Akathisia and dystonia appear to be both less studied and less frequent in occurrence with a pooled prevalence of 4% (95% CI: 3 to 6; I2=0%, p=0.65) for akathisia in eight studies and a mean prevalence of 6% (range 0%–16%) for dystonia in five studies.Conclusion The presence of varying degrees of neurodysfunction in antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia underscores the need for individualised treatment approaches that consider each patient’s unique predisposition and neuromotor profile. Further research is warranted into the role of specific SMDs and risk factors including sex, race and diagnostic variations.PROSPERO registration number CRD42024501951.