Frontiers in Neuroscience (Jan 2024)
Fluid biomarkers in cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- Seyed Mehrdad Savar,
- Seyed Mehrdad Savar,
- Bin Ma,
- Bin Ma,
- Eugene Hone,
- Farzana Jahan,
- Farzana Jahan,
- Shaun Markovic,
- Shaun Markovic,
- Steve Pedrini,
- Steve Pedrini,
- Soudabeh Shemehsavar,
- Soudabeh Shemehsavar,
- Vandhana Easwaran,
- Vandhana Easwaran,
- Kevin Taddei,
- Kevin Taddei,
- Samantha Gardener,
- Samantha Gardener,
- Jasmeer P. Chhatwal,
- Ellis S. van Etten,
- Matthias J. P. van Osch,
- Daniel Clarke,
- Daniel Clarke,
- Anastazija Gnjec,
- Anastazija Gnjec,
- Mark A. van Buchem,
- Marieke J. H. Wermer,
- Marieke J. H. Wermer,
- Graeme J. Hankey,
- Graeme J. Hankey,
- Steven M. Greenberg,
- Ralph N. Martins,
- Ralph N. Martins,
- Ralph N. Martins,
- Ralph N. Martins,
- Hamid R. Sohrabi,
- Hamid R. Sohrabi,
- Hamid R. Sohrabi,
- Hamid R. Sohrabi,
- Hamid R. Sohrabi
Affiliations
- Seyed Mehrdad Savar
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Seyed Mehrdad Savar
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Bin Ma
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Bin Ma
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Eugene Hone
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Farzana Jahan
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Farzana Jahan
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Shaun Markovic
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Shaun Markovic
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Steve Pedrini
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Soudabeh Shemehsavar
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Soudabeh Shemehsavar
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Vandhana Easwaran
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Vandhana Easwaran
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Kevin Taddei
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Samantha Gardener
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Samantha Gardener
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Jasmeer P. Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ellis S. van Etten
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Matthias J. P. van Osch
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Daniel Clarke
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Daniel Clarke
- 0Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth Neurology Center, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Anastazija Gnjec
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Anastazija Gnjec
- 0Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth Neurology Center, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Mark A. van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Marieke J. H. Wermer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Marieke J. H. Wermer
- 1Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Graeme J. Hankey
- 2Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Graeme J. Hankey
- 3Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Steven M. Greenberg
- 4Haemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Ralph N. Martins
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ralph N. Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ralph N. Martins
- 5Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Hamid R. Sohrabi
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Hamid R. Sohrabi
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Hamid R. Sohrabi
- 5Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1347320
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 18
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a type of cerebrovascular disorder characterised by the accumulation of amyloid within the leptomeninges and small/medium-sized cerebral blood vessels. Typically, cerebral haemorrhages are one of the first clinical manifestations of CAA, posing a considerable challenge to the timely diagnosis of CAA as the bleedings only occur during the later disease stages. Fluid biomarkers may change prior to imaging biomarkers, and therefore, they could be the future of CAA diagnosis. Additionally, they can be used as primary outcome markers in prospective clinical trials. Among fluid biomarkers, blood-based biomarkers offer a distinct advantage over cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers as they do not require a procedure as invasive as a lumbar puncture. This article aimed to provide an overview of the present clinical data concerning fluid biomarkers associated with CAA and point out the direction of future studies. Among all the biomarkers discussed, amyloid β, neurofilament light chain, matrix metalloproteinases, complement 3, uric acid, and lactadherin demonstrated the most promising evidence. However, the field of fluid biomarkers for CAA is an under-researched area, and in most cases, there are only one or two studies on each of the biomarkers mentioned in this review. Additionally, a small sample size is a common limitation of the discussed studies. Hence, it is hard to reach a solid conclusion on the clinical significance of each biomarker at different stages of the disease or in various subpopulations of CAA. In order to overcome this issue, larger longitudinal and multicentered studies are needed.
Keywords
- cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- amyloid beta
- familial cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- differential diagnosis
- fluid biomarkers
- surrogate endpoints
