Deep Learning Technique for Congenital Heart Disease Detection Using Stacking-Based CNN-LSTM Models From Fetal Echocardiogram: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a leading cause of death in infants under 1 year of age. Prenatal intervention can reduce the risk of postnatal serious CHD patients, but current diagnosis is based on qualitative criteria, which can lead to variability in diagnosis between clinicians. Objectives: To detect morphological and temporal changes in cardiac ultrasound (US) videos of fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) using deep learning models. A small cohort of 9 healthy and 13 HLHS patients were enrolled, and ultrasound videos at three gestational time points were collected. The videos were preprocessed and segmented to cardiac cycle videos, and five different deep learning CNN-LSTM models were trained (MobileNetv2, ResNet18, ResNet50, DenseNet121, and GoogleNet). The top-performing three models were used to develop a novel stacking CNN-LSTM model, which was trained using five-fold cross-validation to classify HLHS and healthy patients. The stacking CNN-LSTM model outperformed other pre-trained CNN-LSTM models with the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F1 score, and specificity of 90.5%, 92.5%, 92.5%, 92.5%, and 85%, respectively for video-wise classification, and with the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F1 score, and specificity of 90.5%, 92.5%, 92.5%, 92.5%, and 85%, respectively for subject-wise classification using ultrasound videos. This study demonstrates the potential of using deep learning models to classify CHD prenatal patients using ultrasound videos, which can aid in the objective assessment of the disease in a clinical setting.

Keywords

• Congenital heart defects (CHDs)
• fetal echocardiogram
• deep learning
• CNN-LSTM
• stacking machine learning
• hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)