The burden and management strategies of hypertensive crisis in adult patients presenting to emergency departments of district and regional hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Abstract Background Hypertensive crisis is among the causes of morbidity and mortality in adult patients with hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to determine the burden, risk factors and describe the management strategies of hypertensive crisis among adult patients seen at emergency departments of district and regional hospitals in Tanzania. Methods This was a prospective multicenter longitudinal study which included all 162 district and regional hospitals in Tanzania. It was part of the Tanzania Emergency Care Capacity Survey (TECCS), a large assessment of burden of acute illness and emergency care capacity in Tanzania. Adult patients who presented to emergency departments with blood pressure ≥ 180/110mmHg were enrolled. Demographics, clinical presentation, management, and 24-hours outcomes were recorded using a structured case report form. Descriptive statistics were summarized in frequency and median, while logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between risk factors and presence of hypertensive crisis. Results We screened 2700 patients and enrolled 169 adults, henceforth proportion of adult patients with hypertensive crisis was 63 per 1000. Median age was 62 years (IQR 50–70 years) and predominantly females, 112 (66.3%). Majority 151(89.3%) were self-referred with two-wheel motorcycle being the commonest 46 (27.2%) mode of arrival to the hospital. Hypertensive emergency was found in over half 96 (56.8%) of the patients with hypertensive crisis, with oral medications administered in more than half of them, 71 (74%) as means to control the high blood pressure, and one-third 33 (34.4%) were discharged home. On multivariate analysis increasing age (AOR 4.53, p < 0.001), use of illicit drug (AOR 4.14, p-0.04) and pre-existing hypertension (AOR 8.1, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for hypertensive crisis occurrence. Conclusion Hypertensive crisis among adult patients attending district and regional hospitals is common (63 patients per every 1000 patients). Increasing age, use of illicit drug and pre-existing hypertension are independent associated factors for developing hypertensive crisis.

Keywords

• Hypertensive crisis
• Hypertensive emergency
• Hypertensive urgency
• Emergency Departments
• Tanzania
• Sub-Saharan Africa