Sexual Health in Menopause

Abstract

Sexual function worsens with advancing menopause status. The most frequently reported symptoms include low sexual desire (40−55%), poor lubrication (25−30%) and dyspareunia (12−45%), one of the complications of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Declining levels of sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) play a major role in the impairment of sexual response; however, psychological and relational changes related with aging and an increase in metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities should also be taken into account. Although first-line therapeutic strategies for menopause-related sexual dysfunction aim at addressing modifiable factors, many hormonal and non-hormonal, local and systemic treatment options are currently available. Treatment should be individualized, taking into account the severity of symptoms, potential adverse effects and personal preferences.

Keywords

• female sexual dysfunction
• genitourinary syndrome of menopause
• hypoactive sexual desire disorder
• vulvo-vaginal atrophy
• dyspareunia
• hormonal therapy