Frontiers in Immunology (Dec 2020)

Clinical and Genetic Spectrum of a Large Cohort of Patients With Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 1 and 3: A Multicentric Study From India

  • Priyanka Madhav Kambli,
  • Umair Ahmed Bargir,
  • Reetika Malik Yadav,
  • Maya Ravishankar Gupta,
  • Aparna Dhondi Dalvi,
  • Gouri Hule,
  • Madhura Kelkar,
  • Sneha Sawant-Desai,
  • Priyanka Setia,
  • Neha Jodhawat,
  • Nayana Nambiar,
  • Amruta Dhawale,
  • Pallavi Gaikwad,
  • Shweta Shinde,
  • Prasad Taur,
  • Vijaya Gowri,
  • Ambreen Pandrowala,
  • Anju Gupta,
  • Vibhu Joshi,
  • Madhubala Sharma,
  • Kanika Arora,
  • Rakesh Kumar Pilania,
  • Himanshi Chaudhary,
  • Amita Agarwal,
  • Shobita Katiyar,
  • Sagar Bhattad,
  • Stalin Ramprakash,
  • Raghuram CP,
  • Ananthvikas Jayaram,
  • Vinod Gornale,
  • Revathi Raj,
  • Ramya Uppuluri,
  • Meena Sivasankaran,
  • Deenadayalan Munirathnam,
  • Harsha Prasad Lashkari,
  • Manas Kalra,
  • Anupam Sachdeva,
  • Avinash Sharma,
  • Sarath Balaji,
  • Geeta Madathil Govindraj,
  • Sunil Karande,
  • Ruchi Nanavati,
  • Mamta Manglani,
  • Girish Subramanyam,
  • Abhilasha Sampagar,
  • Indumathi CK,
  • Parinitha Gutha,
  • Swati Kanakia,
  • Shiv Prasad Mundada,
  • Vidya Krishna,
  • Sheela Nampoothiri,
  • Sandeep Nemani,
  • Amit Rawat,
  • Mukesh Desai,
  • Manisha Madkaikar

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.612703
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 11

Abstract

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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndrome is a group of inborn errors of immunity characterized by a defect in the cascade of the activation and adhesion leading to the failure of leukocyte to migrate to the site of tissue injury. Three different types of LAD have been described. The most common subtype is LAD type 1 (LAD1) caused due to defects in the ITGβ2 gene. LAD type 2 (LAD2) is caused by mutations in the SLC35C1 gene leading to a generalized loss of expression of fucosylated glycans on the cell surface and LAD type 3 (LAD3) is caused by mutations in the FERMT3 gene resulting in platelet function defects along with immunodeficiency. There is a paucity of data available from India on LAD syndromes. The present study is a retrospective analysis of patients with LAD collated from 28 different centers across India. For LAD1, the diagnosis was based on clinical features and flow cytometric expression of CD18 on peripheral blood leukocytes and molecular confirmation by Sanger sequencing. For patients with LAD3 diagnosis was largely based on clinical manifestations and identification of the pathogenic mutation in the FERMT3 gene by next-generation Sequencing. Of the total 132 cases diagnosed with LAD, 127 were LAD1 and 5 were LAD3. The majority of our patients (83%) had CD18 expression less than 2% on neutrophils (LAD1°) and presented within the first three months of life with omphalitis, skin and soft tissue infections, delayed umbilical cord detachment, otitis media, and sepsis. The patients with CD18 expression of more than 30% (LAD1+) presented later in life with skin ulcers being the commonest manifestation. Bleeding manifestations were common in patients with LAD3. Persistent neutrophilic leukocytosis was the characteristic finding in all patients. 35 novel mutations were detected in the ITGβ2 gene, and 4 novel mutations were detected in the FERMT3 gene. The study thus presents one of the largest cohorts of patients from India with LAD, focusing on clinical features, immunological characteristics, and molecular spectrum.

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