Symmetries in Generalized Kaprekar’s Routine

Abstract

In this paper, algebraic relations were established that determined the invariance of a transformed number after several transformations. The restrictions that determine the group structure of these relationships were analyzed, as was the case of the Klein group. Parametric Kr functions associated with the existence of cycles were presented, as well as the role of the number of their links in the grouping of numbers in higher-order equivalence classes. For this, we developed a methodology based on binary equivalence relations and the complete parameterization of the Kaprekar routine using Ki functions of parametric transformation.

Keywords

• number theory
• arithmetic dynamics
• groups