Management of acute seizures in children: A review with special consideration of care in resource-limited settings

Abstract

Introduction: We sought to review recent evidence-based guidelines and where applicable, primary data to extrapolate insights into the appropriate management of acute seizures in children in resource-limited settings. Methods: PubMed and Google scholar searches were conducted with attention to publications from the last three to five years, including a focused search for acute seizure management guidelines relevant to resource limited settings. Since all guidelines to date, except the World Health Organization’s, assume ready access to invasive ventilation and advanced diagnostic testing, guidelines and primary data were used to propose management appropriate for resource-limited settings where respiratory suppression from treatment presents a major challenge in management. Results: Acute seizures are among the commonest medical emergencies encountered in the African settings. Seizure management must occur simultaneously with the diagnostic assessment, which should include addressing life threatening causes (e.g. hypoglycaemia, malaria) and with attention given to the most likely aetiology in a particular region or setting. For ongoing seizures, initial treatment with benzodiazepines is indicated. There is evidence of efficacy for several agents and delivery modes. Longer-acting antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) should be on hand if acute seizures fail to respond to two doses of benzodiazepines. There is little direct evidence comparing the relative efficacy of different long-acting AEDs for acute seizure management in African children. Findings suggest that generalising data from Western settings, where different aetiologies and risk factors for seizures prevail, may be inappropriate. Discussion: Though treatment options and diagnostics may be dictated by available medications and capacity, it is possible for virtually any healthcare setting to develop a relevant and feasible local guideline for seizure management. Clear specifications on when to refer to a higher level of care should be part of the care plan. Keywords: Seizure, Epilepsy, Guidelines, Benzodiazepine, Antiepileptic drug