Atmosphere (Jan 2024)
Representing Ozone Formation from Volatile Chemical Products (VCP) in Carbon Bond (CB) Chemical Mechanisms
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to the atmosphere cause air pollution associated with adverse health outcomes. Volatile chemical products (VCPs) have emerged as a VOC emission category that is poorly characterized by air pollution models. VCPs are present throughout developed economies in manufactured products that include paints, cleaning agents, printing inks, adhesives and pesticides. Air quality models must accurately represent the atmospheric chemistry of VCPs to develop reliable air quality plans. We develop a chemical mechanism for oxidant formation by VCP compounds that is compatible with version 6 of the Carbon Bond (CB6) mechanism. We analyzed a recent U.S. VCP emission inventory and found that ~67% of the emissions mass can be well-represented by existing CB6 mechanism species but ~33% could be better represented by adding 16 emitted VCP species including alcohols, ethers, esters, alkanes and siloxanes. For larger alkanes, an important VCP category, our mechanism explicitly represents temperature-dependent organic nitrate formation and autoxidation via 1,6 H-shift reactions consistent with current knowledge. We characterized the ozone forming potential of each added VCP species and compared it to the current practice of representing VCP species by surrogate species. Nine of the sixteen added VCP species are less reactive than the current practice, namely i-propanol, dimethyl ether, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, larger esters, i-butane, large alkanes and siloxanes. These less reactive VCP species are characterized by having OH-reactions that form un-reactive products. A total of 7 of the 16 VCP species are more reactive than current practice, namely n-propanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, larger alcohols, diethyl ether, larger ethers and ethyl acetate. These more reactive VCP species are characterized as containing functional groups that promote faster OH-reaction. The VCP chemical mechanism for CB6 can improve how VCP impacts to oxidants are represented and will be incorporated to CB7. Changes in oxidant formation resulting from the mechanism update will depend on how VCP emissions are speciated for modeling, which is uncertain, and impacts may go in opposite directions for specific categories of VCP emissions that have unique chemical speciation characteristics. We provide guidance to help modelers implement the VCP mechanism update.
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