Genetic and Pharmacologic Inhibition of Complement Impairs Endothelial Cell Function and Ablates Ovarian Cancer Neovascularization

Abstract

Complement activation plays a critical role in controlling inflammatory responses. To assess the role of complement during ovarian cancer progression, we crossed two strains of mice with genetic complement deficiencies with transgenic mice that develop epithelial ovarian cancer (TgMISIIR-TAg). TgMISIIR-TAg mice fully or partially deficient for complement factor 3 (C3) (Tg+C3KO and Tg+C3HET, respectively) or fully deficient for complement factor C5a receptor (C5aR) (Tg+C5aRKO) develop either no ovarian tumors or tumors that were small and poorly vascularized compared to wild-type littermates (Tg+C3WT, Tg+C5aRWT). The percentage of tumor infiltrating immune cells in Tg+C3HET tumors compared to Tg+C3WT controls was either similar (macrophages, B cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells), elevated (effector T cells), or decreased (regulatory T cells). Regardless of these ratios, cytokine production by immune cells taken from Tg+C3HET tumors was reduced on stimulation compared to Tg+C3WT controls. Interestingly, CD31+ endothelial cell (EC) function in angiogenesis was significantly impaired in both C3KO and C5aRKO mice. Further, using the C5aR antagonist PMX53, tube formation of ECs was shown to be C5a-dependent, possibly through interactions with the VEGF165 but not VEGF121 isoform. Finally, the mouse VEGF164 transcript was underexpressed in C3KO livers compare to C3WT livers. Thus, we conclude that complement inhibition blocks tumor outgrowth by altering EC function and VEGF165 expression.