Selectively down-regulated PD-L1 by albumin-phenformin nanoparticles mediated mitochondrial dysfunction to stimulate tumor-specific immunological response for enhanced mild-temperature photothermal efficacy

Abstract

Highlights Over-expression of PD-L1 after mild-photothermal therapy significantly limited its efficacy. Phenformin could effectively downregulate PD-L1 expression and inhibit tumor metastasis through AMPK activation. Hydrogen peroxide responsive manganese dioxide mineralized albumin nanocomplex co-loading with phenformin and ICG named ICG@PM@NP was constructed by modified two-step biomineralization method. ICG@PM@NP could enhance T cell infiltration and antitumor metastasis in vivo. ICG@PM@NP mediated mild-photothermal therapy could make up the defects of conventional mild-photothermal therapy in lacking the anti-metastasis ability and inducing enhanced PD-L1 expression.

Keywords

• Mitochondrial inhibition
• Mild-temperature photothermal therapy
• Programmed cell death-ligand 1
• Biomineralization
• Tumor metastasis