Simultaneous elimination of Malachite Green, Rhodamine B and Cresol Red from aqueous sample with Sistan sand, optimized by Taguchi L16 and Plackett–Burman experiment design methods

Abstract

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of simultaneous optimization and removal of dyes, Malachite green (MG), Rhodamine B (RhB) and Cresol Red (CR) from aqueous solutions by using Sistan sand as an extremely low cost adsorbent. Factors affecting adsorption of the analytes on the sorbent were investigated experimentally and by using Taguchi and Plackett–Burman experimental design methods. In most cases, the results of these two models were in agreement with each other and with experimental data obtained. Taguchi method was capable to predict results with accuracies better than 97.89%, 95.43%, and 97.79% for MG, RhB, and CR, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the sorbent could remove simultaneously more than 83% of the dyes with the amount of adsorbed dyes of 0.132, 0.109, and 0.120 mg g−1 for MG, RhB and CR on sand, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that pseudo second order is the best model of adsorption for all analytes. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that this process is spontaneous and endothermic.

Keywords

• Simultaneous removal of dyes
• Taguchi design
• Plackett–Burman design
• Malachite green
• Rhodamine B
• Cresol red