Interaction of proteinuria and diabetes on the risk of cardiovascular events: a prospective cohort CKD-ROUTE study

Abstract

Abstract Objective We evaluated the interaction of urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) with diabetes on the risk of cardiovascular events in a cohort study. Methods The study population consisted of 639 participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2–5, enrolled between 2010 and 2011 in Japan. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the independent and combined effects of the UPCR and diabetes on cardiovascular events. Results During a median follow-up of 3 years, 59 participants developed cardiovascular events during follow-up. A notably higher risk of cardiovascular events was found in participants with proteinuria [hazards ratio (HR): 2.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.17–3.97] compared to those without proteinuria at UPCR levels. In addition, the participants with diabetes had a higher risk of cardiovascular events (HR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.49–4.30) than those without diabetes. Moreover, an interaction was found between UPCR and diabetes on cardiovascular events (P for interaction = 0.04). Participants with both proteinuria (UPCR ≥ 0.5 g/gCr) and diabetes had a 4.09 times higher risk of cardiovascular events (HR: 4.09, 95% CI: 1.97–8.47) compared with those without proteinuria (UPCR < 0.5 g/gCr) and diabetes. Conclusions In summary, among participants with CKD stages 2–5, proteinuria and diabetes were found to independently and jointly affect the risk of cardiovascular events. Participants with proteinuria and diabetes had the highest risk of cardiovascular events compared with other groups.

Keywords

• Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio
• Diabetes
• Proteinuria
• Chronic kidney disease
• Cardiovascular disease