Logical ethics and ethical logic of human-machine interaction in the third wave of artificial intelligence

Abstract

Logic language and science have been the basis of many reasoning and inference procedures in artificial intelligence for modeling the thinking and decision-making of the human brain. One kind of decision that is even difficult for human beings is assessing moral and socio-legal situations as True or False values. Decisions in these situations could be different, derived from several moral schools and theories. Implementing this kind of thinking in intelligent machines has made this issue even more challenging. The need to implement ethics in intelligent machines is due to the decisions and actions that they make autonomously and without human intervention. The fear of the domination of autonomous systems over the future of humanity has led to the emergence of the ethics branch in artificial intelligence, which deals with the morality of human-machine interaction. To trust robots, they must be able to explain to humans why and how they made any decision. This study reviews the concepts of machine ethics and ethical machine along with a software robot with ethics based on logic as the steps that researchers have taken to ensure intelligent, independent, and co-existing systems with humans. This review is described for classical examples including runaway trolley, boat, and lying, and based on ethical principles including utilitarianism, Pareto, and double effect. It also shows the comparison of the functionality of such an intelligent and autonomous system in the form of a self-driving car with the decisions made by people from different countries and cultures in the same moral edge situations.

Keywords

• human-computer interaction
• moral human-robot interaction
• xai (explainable artificial intelligence)
• applied ethics
• machine ethics
• ethical machine
• logic
• moral dilemmas
• self-driving car