Patterns, Cost, and Immunological Response of MDR vs. Non MDR-Bacteremia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health concern, posing a critical challenge for the effective management of infectious diseases. This study aimed to compare the immunological response, clinical outcomes, and associated costs in patients with bacteremia due to antibiotic-resistant vs. susceptible bacterial microorganisms. Methods: This study was a single-center, prospective cohort study conducted from May 2017 to November 2019. The study population consisted of patients admitted with a confirmed diagnosis of bacteremia. Results: A total of 116 patients were included, with 53 (45.7%) harboring non-multidrug-resistant (non-MDR) bacterial isolates and 63 (54.3%) harboring multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Patients with MDR bacteremia had more severe clinical presentations, as indicated by higher SOFA and APACHE II scores. Results revealed higher all-cause mortality rates (39.7% vs. 17%) and median healthcare costs (€4791 vs. €2843.5) in the MDR bacteremia group. Moreover, MDR bacteremia was linked to higher levels of TNF-a, indicating a differential immune response. Furthermore, MDR bacteremia was found to be an independent predictor of mortality (OR = 3.216, 95% CI: 1.338–7.730, p = 0.009) and increased healthcare costs (effect size of approximately 27.4%). Conclusion: These findings underscore the significant impact of antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings, highlighting the urgency of addressing the challenges posed by MDR microorganisms.

Keywords

• antimicrobial resistance
• multidrug-resistant bacteremia
• immunological response
• clinical outcomes
• healthcare costs