Health beliefs toward lung cancer screening among Chinese American high-risk smokers: Interviews based on Health Belief Model

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to explore health beliefs toward lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography among Chinese American high-risk smokers. Methods: Guided by the Health Belief Model, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with Chinese American high-risk smokers via phone. Additional questionnaires on demographic information, history of smoking and lung cancer screening were collected via email or phone before the interview, depending on participants’ preference. Content analysis was used to extract meaningful and significant themes in the dataset. Constant comparison analysis and process coding were used to categorize and code data. Results: Data saturation was reached after interviewing 12 participants. Chinese American high-risk smokers perceived a low susceptibility to lung cancer, since they believed various protective factors of lung cancer (e.g., doing exercise, healthy diet, etc.) reduced their risk of getting lung cancer. All the participants perceived a high severity of lung cancer. They acknowledged lung cancer would have a huge impact on their life. Perceived benefits of lung cancer screening were accurate in most aspects although minor confusions were still noticed among this population. Perceived barriers varied on participants’, physicians’, and institutional levels. High-risk Chinese American smokers had little confidence to screening for lung cancer. Cues to action for them to screening for lung cancer included recommendations from health care providers, support from family members and friends, and information shared on Chinese-based social media. Conclusions: Misconceptions and barriers to screening for lung cancer existed widely among Chinese American high-risk smokers. Intervention programs and targeted health education should be implemented to promote lung cancer screening among this population.

Keywords

• Asian Americans
• Early detection of cancer
• Health belief model
• Lung neoplasms
• Smokers