Cancer Cell International (Oct 2023)

Biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis

  • Nathália Cristina Campanella,
  • Izabela Natalia Faria Gomes,
  • Ana Laura Vieira Alves,
  • Leticia Ferro Leal,
  • Adriane Feijó Evangelista,
  • Marcela Nunes Rosa,
  • Matias Eliseo Melendez,
  • Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva,
  • Richard Lucas Konichi Dias,
  • Lucas Faria Abrahão-Machado,
  • Iara Santana,
  • Olga Martinho,
  • Denise Peixoto Guimarães,
  • Vitor Marcel Faça,
  • Rui Manuel Reis

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-023-03102-6
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 23, no. 1
pp. 1 – 15

Abstract

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Abstract Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent a significant clinical challenge due to their metastatic potential and limited treatment options. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), a suppressor of the MAPK signaling pathway, is downregulated in various cancers and acts as a metastasis suppressor. Our previous studies demonstrated low RKIP expression in GIST and its association with poor outcomes. This study aimed to expand on the previous findings and investigate the biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP loss on GIST. Methods To validate the RKIP prognostic significance, its expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 142 bona fide GIST cases. The functional role of RKIP was evaluated in vitro, using the GIST-T1 cell line, which was knocked out for RKIP. The biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP were evaluated by invasion, migration, apoptosis, and 2D / 3D viability assays. Additionally, the transcriptome and proteome of RKIP knockout cells were determined by NanoString and mass spectrometry, respectively. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of RKIP in 25.3% of GIST cases, correlating with a tendency toward poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that RKIP knockout increased GIST cells’ invasion and migration potential by nearly 60%. Moreover, we found that RKIP knockout cells exhibited reduced responsiveness to Imatinib treatment and higher cellular viability in 2D and 3D in vitro models, as assessed by apoptosis-related protein expression. Through comprehensive genetic and proteomic profiling of RKIP knockout cells, we identified several putative RKIP-regulated proteins in GIST, such as COL3A1. Conclusions Using a multidimensional integrative analysis, we identified, for the first time in GIST, molecules and pathways modulated by RKIP that may potentially drive metastasis and, consequently, poor prognosis in this disease.

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