Dual-Ion Co-Regulation System Enabling High-Performance Electrochemical Artificial Yarn Muscles with Energy-Free Catch States

Abstract

Highlights The dual-ion co-regulation system shortens ion migration pathways, which endow the yarn muscle with high contractile stroke (34.7%) and contractile rate (9.4% s−1), more than twice that of the “rocking-chair” -type ion migration yarn muscles. The yarn muscle shows high isometric stress of 18.4 MPa (61 times that of skeletal muscles) and 8 times the isometric stress of the “rocking-chair” -type yarn muscles at a higher frequency. The intercalation reaction between $${\text{PF}}_{6}^{ - }$$ PF 6 - and collapsed carbon nanotubes allows the yarn muscle to achieve an energy-free high-tension catch state

Keywords

• Artificial muscles
• Carbon nanotube yarns
• Electrochemical actuators
• Catch state
• Dual-ion co-regulation