IEEE Access (Jan 2024)
Demand Management for an Electrified Apartment Building With a Photovoltaic Power Source and Battery Energy Storage System
Abstract
Home energy management systems (HEMSs) with multiple objectives have been studied. However, in pursuit of a carbon-neutral society, energy management systems (EMSs) for electrified apartment buildings (APBs) have received less attention. Electrified APBs are equipped with heat pumps, air conditioners, home appliances, photovoltaic (PV) sources, and battery energy storage (BES) systems. This study proposes an EMS for electrified APBs aimed at achieving economic and social benefits for building managers and households through a two-stage structure from the bottom-up, starting with households and moving up to building managers. Two objectives were considered for households (electricity cost and comfort) and two for building managers (total electricity cost and total peak power demand of the APB). Using actual residential data from Japan, a case study of a 100-dwelling APB was conducted to verify the performance of the proposed EMS. The proposed EMS (113211 JPY; 172 kW) reduced the total peak demand more than the HEMS-only (115562 JPY; 207 kW) and original data (113374 JPY; 230 kW) cases, without increasing the total electricity cost derived based on the time-of-use price. The case study with increased PV source and BES indicated that the total cost and total peak demand were reduced; however, the charging demand increased during low-price periods. These findings suggest that the proposed EMS manages the APB demand, PV source, and BES to control energy prices and facilitate the introduction of renewable resources, benefiting both households and building managers. Additional studies are needed to clarify the carbon emissions in the APB.
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