Flavonoid profiling of Plumula nelumbinis and evaluation of their anti‐inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

Abstract The lotus seed embryo, known as “Plumula nelumbinis,” holds significance in Chinese culture as a traditional medicinal and edible herb rich in beneficial bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols. Using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we meticulously analyzed the total flavonoids in Plumula nelumbinis (PNF) sourced from Hangzhou's West Lake. Our investigation preliminarily identified 29 flavonoid compounds, including 21 flavonoid O‐glycosides, five flavonoid C‐glycosides, and three aglycones, through comparisons with standards and literature references. Subsequent cellular anti‐inflammatory experiments using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 cells demonstrated that treatment with 300 μg/mL of lotus seed flavonoids significantly reduced inflammatory factors' production, such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐6, and interleukin‐1β. Additionally, PNF effectively lowered intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, mitigated LPS‐induced cell apoptosis, and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 protein, collectively suppressing the NF‐κB p65 inflammatory pathway and demonstrating potent anti‐inflammatory properties. Crucially, the observed gene expression patterns of inflammatory factors aligned with their respective protein secretion levels. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of lotus seed flavonoids' anti‐inflammatory potential, highlighting their significance in potential therapeutic applications and laying the groundwork for future advancements in related functional foods.

Keywords

• anti‐inflammatory
• flavonoid profiling
• gene expression
• Plumula nelumbinis
• RAW 264.7 macrophages