F2RL3 Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Angiogenesis in Gastric Cancer through the Rap1/MAPK Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages, when cancer cells have already metastasized. Therefore, patients with GC have a low survival rate and poor prognosis even after treatment. Methods: We downloaded GC-related RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data, copy number variation (CNV) data, and clinical data for bioinformatics analysis to screen prognostic genes of GC. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and survival analyses were performed on the RNA-Seq data, and differential and correlation analyses were conducted on the CNV data to obtain CNV-driven differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Prognostic genes were identified through univariate Cox analyses of the CNV-driven DEGs, combined with the clinical data. F2R like thrombin or trypsin receptor 3 (F2RL3) was finally selected for verification after functional and survival analyses of the prognostic genes. Results: F2RL3 expression was lower in paracancer tissue than in GC tissue, and lower in GES-1 gastric epithelial cells than in GC cells. The cell culture supernatants from F2RL3-knockdown GC cells were collected and used to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It was observed that F2RL3 enhanced the activity, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis of GC cells; promoted the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of GC cells; and impacted the Ras-associated protein 1 (Rap1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. To further explore the involvement of the Rap1/MAPK pathway in GC development, a pathway activator was added to GC cells with knockdown of F2RL3 expression. This pathway activator not only enhanced the activity, invasion, and migration of GC cells but also promoted the EMT and blood vessel formation. Conclusions: F2RL3 regulates the angiogenesis and EMT of GC cells through the Rap1/MAPK pathway, thus influencing the onset and progression of GC.

Keywords

• gastric cancer
• copy number variant driver gene
• f2rl3
• epithelial–mesenchymal transition
• angiogenesis
• rap1/mapk pathway