Robustness of quantized transport through edge states of finite length: Imaging current density in Floquet topological versus quantum spin and anomalous Hall insulators

Abstract

The theoretical analysis of topological insulators (TIs) has been traditionally focused on infinite homogeneous crystals with band gap in the bulk and nontrivial topology of their wave functions, or infinite wires whose boundaries host surface or edge metallic states. Such infinite-length edge states exhibit quantized conductance which is insensitive to edge disorder, as long as it does not break the underlying symmetry or introduce energy scale larger than the bulk gap. However, experimental devices contain finite-size topological region attached to normal metal (NM) leads, which poses a question about how precise is quantization of longitudinal conductance and how electrons transition from topologically trivial NM leads into the edge states. This particularly pressing issue for recently conjectured two-dimensional (2D) Floquet TI where electrons flow from time-independent NM leads into time-dependent edge states, the very recent experimental realization [J. W. McIver et al., Nat. Phys. 16, 38 (2020)1745-247310.1038/s41567-019-0698-y] of Floquet TI using graphene irradiated by circularly polarized light did not exhibit either quantized longitudinal or Hall conductance. Here, we employ a charge-conserving solution for Floquet-nonequilibrium Green functions of irradiated graphene nanoribbon to compute longitudinal two-terminal conductance, as well as spatial profiles of local current density as electrons propagate from NM leads into the Floquet TI. For comparison, we also compute conductance of graphene-based realization of 2D quantum Hall, quantum anomalous Hall, and quantum spin Hall insulators. Although zero-temperature conductance within the gap of these three conventional time-independent 2D TIs of finite length exhibits small oscillations due to reflections at the NM-lead/2D-TI interface, it remains very close to perfectly quantized plateau at 2e^{2}/h and completely insensitive to edge disorder. This is due to the fact that inside conventional TIs there is only edge local current density which circumvents any disorder. In contrast, in the case of Floquet TI both bulk and edge local current densities contribute equally to total current, which leads to longitudinal conductance below the expected quantized plateau that is further reduced by edge vacancies. We propose two experimental schemes to detect coexistence of bulk and edge current densities within Floquet TI: (i) drilling a nanopore in the interior of irradiated region of graphene will induce backscattering of bulk current density, thereby reducing longitudinal conductance by ∼28%; (ii) imaging of magnetic field produced by local current density using diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers.