Gut Microbiota Alterations in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Are Associated with Aberrant Bone Homeostasis

Abstract

Objective Low bone mineral density is the major prognostic factor for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota (GM) have the potential to affect bone development, and the GM signatures are altered in AIS patients. However, the effect of GM alterations on aberrant bone homeostasis in AIS remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the GM profile in AIS patients with different bone mineral density (BMD) and explore the association between GM, osteopenia, and aberrant bone turnover. Methods A total of 126 patients with AIS who received surgical treatment were retrospectively included in this study. We analyzed the composition of the GM by 16S rRNA sequencing and BMD by dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Based on the BMD of the femur neck, the patients were divided into the osteopenia group (OPN) if the Z score < −1, and the normal (NOR) group if the Z score ≥ −1 SD compared to the healthy control. For the 16S rRNA sequencing, the raw reads were filtered to remove low‐quality reads, and operational taxonomic units were identified with the Uparse program. Weighted UniFrac distance matrix for the beta‐diversity metrics and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed, and the statistical comparisons were made with permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and analysis of similarity (ANONISM). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to identify the enriched species in two groups. The “Random forest” was applied to determine the optimal biomarker for OPN according to the mean decrease in Gini value. The metabolic function was predicted by the Tax4Fun analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the associations between GM species, bone turnover markers, and BMD. Results The serum β‐CTX was increased in the OPN group (n = 67) compared to the NOR group (n = 59). Patients in OPN groups showed significantly decreased α diversity indicated by the Shannon index. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) analysis showed significant clustering of GM between OPN and NOR groups. At genus level, the Escherichia‐Shigella and Faecalibacterium were significantly enriched in the OPN group compared to that in the NOR group (p < 0.05), whereas the abundance of Prevotella was significantly decreased (p = 0.0012). The relative abundance of Megamonas and Prevotella was positively correlated with the femur BMD. The abundance of Escherichia‐Shigella was negatively correlated with femur BMD and positively correlated with serum β‐CTX levels. Functional analysis revealed significant differences in starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate and cysteine, and methionine metabolism between NOR and OPN groups. Conclusion The alterations of GM in AIS patients are correlated with osteopenia. The association between enriched species, BMD, and bone turnover markers provides novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the clinical management of AIS.

Keywords

• Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
• Bone turnover
• Gut microbiota
• Osteopenia