Italians locked down: people’s responses to early COVID-19 pandemic public health measures

Abstract

Abstract At the beginning of 2020, the widespread diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly became a worldwide priority. In Italy, the government implemented a lockdown for more than two months (March 9–May 18). Aware of the uniqueness of such an experience, we designed an online qualitative study focused on three main dimensions: daily life during the lockdown, relationships with others, and public health issues. The aim was to gain insights into people’s experiences of, and attitudes toward, the changes caused by public health measures implemented as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with Italian residents. The interviewees were recruited through mediators using purposive sampling to obtain a balanced sample with respect to age, gender, education, and geographical residence. Interviews were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The lockdown affected a variety of aspects of people’s life, resulting in a significant re-shaping of daily activities and relationships. These changes, which entailed both positive and negative aspects, were met with resilience. Even though public health measures were generally considered acceptable and adequate, they were also perceived to generate uncertainty and stress as well as to reveal tensions within the public health system. When tasked with imagining a scenario with saturated intensive care units and the need for selection criteria, respondents showed a tendency to dodge the question and struggled to formulate criteria. Media and news were found to be confusing, leading to a renewed critical attitude toward information. The findings shed some light on the impact of the lockdown on people’s daily life and its effects on relationships with others. Furthermore, the study contributes to an understanding of people’s reasons for, and capacity to respond to, emergency public health measures.