UAV-LiDAR and RGB Imagery Reveal Large Intraspecific Variation in Tree-Level Morphometric Traits across Different Pine Species Evaluated in Common Gardens

Abstract

Remote sensing is increasingly used in forest inventories. However, its application to assess genetic variation in forest trees is still rare, particularly in conifers. Here we evaluate the potential of LiDAR and RGB imagery obtained through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as high-throughput phenotyping tools for the characterization of tree growth and crown structure in two representative Mediterranean pine species. To this end, we investigated the suitability of these tools to evaluate intraspecific differentiation in a wide array of morphometric traits for Pinus nigra (European black pine) and Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine). Morphometric traits related to crown architecture and volume, primary growth, and biomass were retrieved at the tree level in two genetic trials located in Central Spain and compared with ground-truth data. Both UAV-based methods were then tested for their accuracy to detect genotypic differentiation among black pine and Aleppo pine populations and their subspecies (black pine) or ecotypes (Aleppo pine). The possible relation between intraspecific variation of morphometric traits and life-history strategies of populations was also tested by correlating traits to climate factors at origin of populations. Finally, we investigated which traits distinguished better among black pine subspecies or Aleppo pine ecotypes. Overall, the results demonstrate the usefulness of UAV-based LiDAR and RGB records to disclose tree architectural intraspecific differences in pine species potentially related to adaptive divergence among populations. In particular, three LiDAR-derived traits related to crown volume, crown architecture, and main trunk—or, alternatively, the latter (RGB-derived) two traits—discriminated the most among black pine subspecies. In turn, Aleppo pine ecotypes were partly distinguishable by using two LiDAR-derived traits related to crown architecture and crown volume, or three RGB-derived traits related to tree biomass and main trunk. Remote-sensing-derived-traits related to main trunk, tree biomass, crown architecture, and crown volume were associated with environmental characteristics at the origin of populations of black pine and Aleppo pine, thus hinting at divergent environmental stress-induced local adaptation to drought, wildfire, and snowfall in both species.

Keywords

• Aleppo pine
• black pine
• crown architecture
• climate adaptation
• intraspecific variability
• LiDAR