The Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Syndecan-1 Triggers Breast Cancer Cell-Induced Coagulability by Induced Expression of Tissue Factor

Abstract

Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Sdc-1 knockdown results in reduced angiogenesis and the dysregulation of tissue factor (TF) pathway constituents. Here, we evaluate the regulatory mechanisms and functional consequences of the Sdc-1/TF-axis using Sdc-1 knockdown and overexpression approaches in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Gene expression was analyzed by means of qPCR. Thrombin generation and cell migration were detected. Cell-cycle progression and apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry. In MDA-MB-231 cells, IL6, IL8, VEGF, and IGFR-dependent signaling affected TF pathway expression depending on Sdc-1. Notably, Sdc-1 depletion and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) synergistically affected PTEN, MAPK, and STAT3 signaling. At the functional level, the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of TFPI depended on Sdc-1, whereas Sdc-1’s modulation of cell motility was not affected by TFPI. Sdc-1 overexpression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells led to increased TF expression, inducing a procoagulative phenotype, as indicated by the activation of human platelets and increased thrombin formation. A novel understanding of the functional interplay between Sdc-1 and the TF pathway may be compatible with the classical co-receptor role of Sdc-1 in cytokine signaling. This opens up the possibility of a new functional understanding, with Sdc-1 fostering coagulation and platelet communication as the key to the hematogenous metastatic spread of breast cancer cells.

Keywords

• apoptosis
• breast cancer
• cell cycle
• cell motility
• heparan sulfate
• platelets