Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Migraine in Adolescents. A Retrospective Analysis of the Population Attending the Headache Center in Different Phases of the Pandemic

Abstract

Background: Literature data report that the first COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the progression of migraine both in adults and children. The present study aimed to verify how the migraine course and psychological aspects varied in adolescent patients in relation to some of the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic and compared with the months before COVID-19. In addition, the relationship between the characteristics of headache episodes and psychological and school-related aspects were analyzed. Methods: The study included 418 adolescents. Based on the timing of the evaluation, they were categorized into patients observed before the COVID-19 pandemic (pre COVID) or during the first (COVID 1) or second (COVID 2) wave of the pandemic. Subjects were also categorized into three further groups: those who had high or low frequency of migraine attacks during the month, those who had mild or severe pain during the attack, and those who were taking prophylactic drugs. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales were utilized to assess depression and anxiety. Results: We observed a significant increase in the frequency of attacks and the use of prophylactic drugs during the COVID 2 period compared to the COVID 1 and pre-COVID periods (p p p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results show long-term negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical parameters and psychological symptoms in adolescents with migraine.

Keywords

• migraine
• COVID-19
• lockdown
• adolescents
• anxiety
• depression