Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization of <i>ε</i>-Caprolactone Using <i>bis</i>(<i>N</i>-(<i>N</i>′-butylimidazolium)alkane Dicationic Ionic Liquids as the Metal-Free Catalysts: Polymer Synthesis, Kinetics and DFT Mechanistic Study

Abstract

In this work, we successfully synthesized high thermal stable 1,n-bis(N-(N′-butylimidazolium)alkane bishexafluorophosphates (1,n-bis[Bim][PF6], n = 4, 6, 8, and 10) catalysts in 55–70% yields from imidazole which were applied as non-toxic DILs catalysts with 1-butanol as initiator for the bulk ROP of ε-caprolactone (CL) in the varied ratio of CL/nBuOH/1,4-bis[Bim][PF6] from 200/1.0/0.25–4.0 to 700/1.0/0.25–4.0 by mol%. The result found that the optimal ratio of CL/nBuOH/1,4-bis[Bim][PF6] 400/1.0/0.5 mol% at 120 °C for 72 h led to the polymerization conversions higher than 95%, with the molecular weight (Mw) of PCL 20,130 g mol−1 (Đ~1.80). The polymerization rate of CL increased with the decreasing linker chain length of ionic liquids. Moreover, the mechanistic study was investigated by DFT using B3LYP (6–31G(d,p)) as basis set. The most plausible mechanism included the stepwise and coordination insertion in which the alkoxide insertion step is the rate-determining step.

Keywords

• <i>bis</i>(<i>n</i>-(<i>n</i>′-butylimidazolium)alkane dicationic ionic liquids
• ring-opening polymerization
• <i>ε</i>-caprolactone
• metal-free catalyst
• density functional theory