Frontiers in Immunology (May 2017)
Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology
- Ralf J. Ludwig,
- Karen Vanhoorelbeke,
- Frank Leypoldt,
- Frank Leypoldt,
- Frank Leypoldt,
- Ziya Kaya,
- Katja Bieber,
- Sandra M. McLachlan,
- Lars Komorowski,
- Jie Luo,
- Otavio Cabral-Marques,
- Christoph M. Hammers,
- Jon M. Lindstrom,
- Peter Lamprecht,
- Andrea Fischer,
- Gabriela Riemekasten,
- Claudia Tersteeg,
- Peter Sondermann,
- Basil Rapoport,
- Klaus-Peter Wandinger,
- Christian Probst,
- Asmaa El Beidaq,
- Enno Schmidt,
- Alan Verkman,
- Alan Verkman,
- Rudolf A. Manz,
- Falk Nimmerjahn
Affiliations
- Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Frank Leypoldt
- Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Ziya Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Lars Komorowski
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
- Jie Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Otavio Cabral-Marques
- 0Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Christoph M. Hammers
- 1Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Jon M. Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Peter Lamprecht
- 0Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Andrea Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Gabriela Riemekasten
- 0Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Peter Sondermann
- 2SuppreMol GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
- Basil Rapoport
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- 3Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical-Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Christian Probst
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
- Asmaa El Beidaq
- 4Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Alan Verkman
- 5Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Alan Verkman
- 6Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Rudolf A. Manz
- 4Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- 7Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00603
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 8
Abstract
Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Graves’ disease. Overall, more than 2.5% of the population is affected by autoantibody-driven autoimmune disease. Pathways leading to autoantibody-induced pathology greatly differ among different diseases, and autoantibodies directed against the same antigen, depending on the targeted epitope, can have diverse effects. To foster knowledge in autoantibody-induced pathology and to encourage development of urgently needed novel therapeutic strategies, we here categorized autoantibodies according to their effects. According to our algorithm, autoantibodies can be classified into the following categories: (1) mimic receptor stimulation, (2) blocking of neural transmission, (3) induction of altered signaling, triggering uncontrolled (4) microthrombosis, (5) cell lysis, (6) neutrophil activation, and (7) induction of inflammation. These mechanisms in relation to disease, as well as principles of autoantibody generation and detection, are reviewed herein.
Keywords
