Journal of Water and Climate Change (Jul 2023)
Spatial distribution of the contamination and risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in the Ghizer River Basin, northern Pakistan
Abstract
The Ghizer River Basin (GRB) is one of the sub-basins of the Indus River hosting rich mineralization and agrogenic activities. The GRB was sampled for 55 water samples and investigated for potentially harmful element (PHE) concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. PHE concentrations in water of the GRB were used to calculate the potential of non-cancer risks such as chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR). The highest average concentrations of chromium (37.1 ± 17.1 μg/L), copper (27.4 ± 12.5 μg/L), arsenic (4.8 ± 0.9 μg/L), cobalt (9.2 ± 3.3 μg/L), and nickel (62.7 ± 27.6 μg/L) were noted for the Ishkomen River segment of the GRB. Similarly manganese (417 ± 144 μg/L), cadmium (1.95 ± 0.02 μg/L), lead (7.7 ± 1.4 μg/L), and zinc (28.4 ± 5.5 μg/L) concentrations were maximum at downstream of the GRB. Geospatial and statistical analyses showed that lithogenic sources contributed higher to PHE contamination in the water of the GRB than the agrogenic sources. PHE concentrations were noted under the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water thresholds, except for nickel. Results showed the uppermost CDI value of 13.6 μg/kg-day for manganese and HQ value of 0.52 for arsenic via water intake of children. Non-cancer and CR values through water intake were under the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thresholds and noted as suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes. HIGHLIGHTS Potentially harmful element (PHE) levels were measured in the water of the Ghizer River.; Hazard quotient values via consumption of PHE in drinking water were noted as <1.; Cancer risk values via consumption of arsenic were noted within the USEPA threshold.; Children were observed at higher risk than adults via consumption of drinking water.; Geogenic sources contributed mainly to PHE contamination in drinking water.;
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