Heliyon (Mar 2024)
Rare nonclassic type of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and genotype-phenotypic correlation
Abstract
Objective: To explore the correlation between different CYP21A2 pathogenic gene mutations and clinical phenotypes in Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients. Moreover, combined with the specific phenotypes of patients in the clinic, diagnosis and treatment suggestions should be made for CAH patients. Methods: In this study, a genetic status of a Chinese family in three generations of 21-hydroxylase deficiency was comprehensively presented, and the pathogenic genes in the family were found and traced in detail. We measured CYP21A2 gene in this family by Sanger sequencing and MLPA. The trophoblast cells of female proband’s embryos were detected by PGT-M which used Copy-Number Variations of a Single Human Cell and high throughput sequencing. The CYP21A2 gene mutation site in each embryo were detected by Sanger sequencing, whole genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Results: There are many related pathogenic genes of CAH in this family. The female proband showed a compound heterozygous mutation in the CYP21A2 gene, including a CYP21A1P/A2 fusion gene (CH-8) (classical phenotype) and a new mutation c.1034T > C (p. L354S) (unknown clinical significance). In the proband’s family, a heterozygous gene mutation of c.1034T > C and a CYP21A1P/A2 fusion gene (CH-8) was carried by her father and mother, respectively. Meanwhile, the husband of the proband also has a genetic family with related disease. Both the husband and his father carried the CYP21A2 gene c.844G > T heterozygous mutation, while his mother had no related mutation in the CYP21A2 gene. Furthermore, PGTM gene detection was carried out on the four blastocysts of the proband’s offspring through IVF. The results showed that embryos T1, T2 and T4 all carried CYP21A1P/A2 fusion gene (CH-8), as well as embryo T3 carried c.1034T > C heterozygous mutation of maternal origin. Conclusion: This case is a family report showing a complete genetic map of the proband and her family, describing the genetic process of different pathogenic genes in detail and clearly corresponding to the patient’s different phenotypes. It is speculated that the pathogenesis of CAH is caused by different mutations in the CYP21A2 gene and their interactions, which may affect the different phenotypes of CAH patients.
