Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera

F. Aharonian; Q. An; Axikegu; L. X. Bai; Y. X. Bai; Y. W. Bao; D. Bastieri; X. J. Bi; Y. J. Bi; H. Cai; J. T. Cai; Z. Cao; Z. Cao; J. Chang; J. F. Chang; X. C. Chang; B. M. Chen; J. Chen; L. Chen; L. Chen; L. Chen; M. J. Chen; M. L. Chen; Q. H. Chen; S. H. Chen; S. Z. Chen; T. L. Chen; X. L. Chen; Y. Chen; N. Cheng; Y. D. Cheng; S. W. Cui; X. H. Cui; Y. D. Cui; B. Z. Dai; H. L. Dai; Z. G. Dai; Danzengluobu; D. della Volpe; B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli; X. J. Dong; J. H. Fan; Y. Z. Fan; Z. X. Fan; J. Fang; K. Fang; C. F. Feng; L. Feng; S. H. Feng; Y. L. Feng; B. Gao; C. D. Gao; Q. Gao; W. Gao; M. M. Ge; L. S. Geng; G. H. Gong; Q. B. Gou; M. H. Gu; J. G. Guo; X. L. Guo; Y. Q. Guo; Y. Y. Guo; Y. A. Han; H. H. He; H. N. He; J. C. He; S. L. He; X. B. He; Y. He; M. Heller; Y. K. Hor; C. Hou; X. Hou; H. B. Hu; S. Hu; S. C. Hu; X. J. Hu; D. H. Huang; Q. L. Huang; W. H. Huang; X. T. Huang; Z. C. Huang; F. Ji; X. L. Ji; H. Y. Jia; K. Jiang; Z. J. Jiang; C. Jin; D. Kuleshov; K. Levochkin; B. B. Li; C. Li; C. Li; F. Li; H. B. Li; H. C. Li; H. Y. Li; J. Li; K. Li; W. L. Li; X. Li; X. Li; X. R. Li; Y. Li; Y. Z. Li; Z. Li; Z. Li; E. W. Liang; Y. F. Liang; S. J. Lin; B. Liu; C. Liu; D. Liu; H. Liu; H. D. Liu; J. Liu; J. L. Liu; J. S. Liu; J. Y. Liu; M. Y. Liu; R. Y. Liu; S. M. Liu; W. Liu; Y. N. Liu; Z. X. Liu; W. J. Long; R. Lu; H. K. Lv; B. Q. Ma; L. L. Ma; X. H. Ma; J. R. Mao; A. Masood; W. Mitthumsiri; T. Montaruli; Y. C. Nan; B. Y. Pang; P. Pattarakijwanich; Z. Y. Pei; M. Y. Qi; D. Ruffolo; V. Rulev; A. Sáiz; L. Shao; O. Shchegolev; X. D. Sheng; J. R. Shi; H. C. Song; Yu. V. Stenkin; V. Stepanov; Q. N. Sun; X. N. Sun; Z. B. Sun; P. H. T. Tam; Z. B. Tang; W. W. Tian; B. D. Wang; C. Wang; H. Wang; H. G. Wang; J. C. Wang; J. S. Wang; L. P. Wang; L. Y. Wang; R. N. Wang; W. Wang; W. Wang; X. G. Wang; X. J. Wang; X. Y. Wang; Y. D. Wang; Y. J. Wang; Y. P. Wang; Z. Wang; Z. Wang; Z. H. Wang; Z. X. Wang; D. M. Wei; J. J. Wei; Y. J. Wei; T. Wen; C. Y. Wu; H. R. Wu; S. Wu; W. X. Wu; X. F. Wu; S. Q. Xi; J. Xia; J. J. Xia; G. M. Xiang; G. Xiao; H. B. Xiao; G. G. Xin; Y. L. Xin; Y. Xing; D. L. Xu; R. X. Xu; L. Xue; D. H. Yan; C. W. Yang; F. F. Yang; J. Y. Yang; L. L. Yang; M. J. Yang; R. Z. Yang; S. B. Yang; Y. H. Yao; Z. G. Yao; Y. M. Ye; L. Q. Yin; N. Yin; X. H. You; Z. Y. You; Y. H. Yu; Q. Yuan; H. D. Zeng; T. X. Zeng; W. Zeng; Z. K. Zeng; M. Zha; X. X. Zhai; B. B. Zhang; H. M. Zhang; H. Y. Zhang; J. L. Zhang; J. W. Zhang; L. Zhang; L. Zhang; L. X. Zhang; P. F. Zhang; P. P. Zhang; R. Zhang; S. R. Zhang; S S. Zhang; X. Zhang; X. P. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Y. F. Zhang; Y. L. Zhang; B. Zhao; J. Zhao; L. Zhao; L. Z. Zhao; S. P. Zhao; F. Zheng; Y. Zheng; B. Zhou; H. Zhou; J. N. Zhou; P. Zhou; R. Zhou; X. X. Zhou; C. G. Zhu; F. R. Zhu; H. Zhu; K. J. Zhu; X. Zuo; The LHAASO Collaboration

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09414-z

European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields (Jul 2021)

Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera

F. Aharonian,
Q. An,
Axikegu,
L. X. Bai,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
H. Cai,
J. T. Cai,
Z. Cao,
Z. Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
X. C. Chang,
B. M. Chen,
J. Chen,
L. Chen,
L. Chen,
L. Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
X. L. Chen,
Y. Chen,
N. Cheng,
Y. D. Cheng,
S. W. Cui,
X. H. Cui,
Y. D. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
H. L. Dai,
Z. G. Dai,
Danzengluobu,
D. della Volpe,
B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli,
X. J. Dong,
J. H. Fan,
Y. Z. Fan,
Z. X. Fan,
J. Fang,
K. Fang,
C. F. Feng,
L. Feng,
S. H. Feng,
Y. L. Feng,
B. Gao,
C. D. Gao,
Q. Gao,
W. Gao,
M. M. Ge,
L. S. Geng,
G. H. Gong,
Q. B. Gou,
M. H. Gu,
J. G. Guo,
X. L. Guo,
Y. Q. Guo,
Y. Y. Guo,
Y. A. Han,
H. H. He,
H. N. He,
J. C. He,
S. L. He,
X. B. He,
Y. He,
M. Heller,
Y. K. Hor,
C. Hou,
X. Hou,
H. B. Hu,
S. Hu,
S. C. Hu,
X. J. Hu,
D. H. Huang,
Q. L. Huang,
W. H. Huang,
X. T. Huang,
Z. C. Huang,
F. Ji,
X. L. Ji,
H. Y. Jia,
K. Jiang,
Z. J. Jiang,
C. Jin,
D. Kuleshov,
K. Levochkin,
B. B. Li,
C. Li,
C. Li,
F. Li,
H. B. Li,
H. C. Li,
H. Y. Li,
J. Li,
K. Li,
W. L. Li,
X. Li,
X. Li,
X. R. Li,
Y. Li,
Y. Z. Li,
Z. Li,
Z. Li,
E. W. Liang,
Y. F. Liang,
S. J. Lin,
B. Liu,
C. Liu,
D. Liu,
H. Liu,
H. D. Liu,
J. Liu,
J. L. Liu,
J. S. Liu,
J. Y. Liu,
M. Y. Liu,
R. Y. Liu,
S. M. Liu,
W. Liu,
Y. N. Liu,
Z. X. Liu,
W. J. Long,
R. Lu,
H. K. Lv,
B. Q. Ma,
L. L. Ma,
X. H. Ma,
J. R. Mao,
A. Masood,
W. Mitthumsiri,
T. Montaruli,
Y. C. Nan,
B. Y. Pang,
P. Pattarakijwanich,
Z. Y. Pei,
M. Y. Qi,
D. Ruffolo,
V. Rulev,
A. Sáiz,
L. Shao,
O. Shchegolev,
X. D. Sheng,
J. R. Shi,
H. C. Song,
Yu. V. Stenkin,
V. Stepanov,
Q. N. Sun,
X. N. Sun,
Z. B. Sun,
P. H. T. Tam,
Z. B. Tang,
W. W. Tian,
B. D. Wang,
C. Wang,
H. Wang,
H. G. Wang,
J. C. Wang,
J. S. Wang,
L. P. Wang,
L. Y. Wang,
R. N. Wang,
W. Wang,
W. Wang,
X. G. Wang,
X. J. Wang,
X. Y. Wang,
Y. D. Wang,
Y. J. Wang,
Y. P. Wang,
Z. Wang,
Z. Wang,
Z. H. Wang,
Z. X. Wang,
D. M. Wei,
J. J. Wei,
Y. J. Wei,
T. Wen,
C. Y. Wu,
H. R. Wu,
S. Wu,
W. X. Wu,
X. F. Wu,
S. Q. Xi,
J. Xia,
J. J. Xia,
G. M. Xiang,
G. Xiao,
H. B. Xiao,
G. G. Xin,
Y. L. Xin,
Y. Xing,
D. L. Xu,
R. X. Xu,
L. Xue,
D. H. Yan,
C. W. Yang,
F. F. Yang,
J. Y. Yang,
L. L. Yang,
M. J. Yang,
R. Z. Yang,
S. B. Yang,
Y. H. Yao,
Z. G. Yao,
Y. M. Ye,
L. Q. Yin,
N. Yin,
X. H. You,
Z. Y. You,
Y. H. Yu,
Q. Yuan,
H. D. Zeng,
T. X. Zeng,
W. Zeng,
Z. K. Zeng,
M. Zha,
X. X. Zhai,
B. B. Zhang,
H. M. Zhang,
H. Y. Zhang,
J. L. Zhang,
J. W. Zhang,
L. Zhang,
L. Zhang,
L. X. Zhang,
P. F. Zhang,
P. P. Zhang,
R. Zhang,
S. R. Zhang,
S S. Zhang,
X. Zhang,
X. P. Zhang,
Y. Zhang,
Y. Zhang,
Y. F. Zhang,
Y. L. Zhang,
B. Zhao,
J. Zhao,
L. Zhao,
L. Z. Zhao,
S. P. Zhao,
F. Zheng,
Y. Zheng,
B. Zhou,
H. Zhou,
J. N. Zhou,
P. Zhou,
R. Zhou,
X. X. Zhou,
C. G. Zhu,
F. R. Zhu,
H. Zhu,
K. J. Zhu,
X. Zuo,
The LHAASO Collaboration

Affiliations

F. Aharonian: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
Q. An: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
Axikegu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
L. X. Bai: College of Physics, Sichuan University
Y. X. Bai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. W. Bao: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
D. Bastieri: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
X. J. Bi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. J. Bi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Cai: School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University
J. T. Cai: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
Z. Cao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Cao: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
J. Chang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. F. Chang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. C. Chang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
B. M. Chen: Hebei Normal University
J. Chen: College of Physics, Sichuan University
L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
L. Chen: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
L. Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
M. J. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Q. H. Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
S. H. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. Z. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education
X. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Chen: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
N. Cheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. D. Cheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. W. Cui: Hebei Normal University
X. H. Cui: National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. D. Cui: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
B. Z. Dai: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
H. L. Dai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. G. Dai: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
Danzengluobu: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education
D. della Volpe: Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève
B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli: Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo
X. J. Dong: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. H. Fan: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
Y. Z. Fan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. X. Fan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. Fang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
K. Fang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
C. F. Feng: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
L. Feng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. H. Feng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. L. Feng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
B. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
C. D. Gao: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
Q. Gao: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education
W. Gao: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
M. M. Ge: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
L. S. Geng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
G. H. Gong: Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University
Q. B. Gou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. H. Gu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. G. Guo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. L. Guo: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
Y. Q. Guo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Y. Guo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. A. Han: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University
H. H. He: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. N. He: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. C. He: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. L. He: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
X. B. He: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
Y. He: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
M. Heller: Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève
Y. K. Hor: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
C. Hou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. Hou: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. B. Hu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. Hu: College of Physics, Sichuan University
S. C. Hu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. J. Hu: Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University
D. H. Huang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
Q. L. Huang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. H. Huang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
X. T. Huang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
Z. C. Huang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
F. Ji: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. L. Ji: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Y. Jia: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
K. Jiang: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
Z. J. Jiang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
C. Jin: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Kuleshov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences
K. Levochkin: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences
B. B. Li: Hebei Normal University
C. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
C. Li: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
F. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. B. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. C. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Y. Li: University of Science and Technology of China
J. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
K. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. L. Li: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
X. Li: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
X. Li: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
X. R. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Li: College of Physics, Sichuan University
Y. Z. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Li: School of Physics, Peking University
E. W. Liang: School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University
Y. F. Liang: School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University
S. J. Lin: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
B. Liu: University of Science and Technology of China
C. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Liu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
H. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
H. D. Liu: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University
J. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. L. Liu: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
J. S. Liu: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
J. Y. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Y. Liu: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education
R. Y. Liu: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
S. M. Liu: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. N. Liu: Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University
Z. X. Liu: College of Physics, Sichuan University
W. J. Long: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
R. Lu: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
H. K. Lv: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
B. Q. Ma: School of Physics, Peking University
L. L. Ma: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. H. Ma: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. R. Mao: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
A. Masood: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
W. Mitthumsiri: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
T. Montaruli: Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève
Y. C. Nan: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
B. Y. Pang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
P. Pattarakijwanich: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
Z. Y. Pei: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
M. Y. Qi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Ruffolo: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
V. Rulev: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences
A. Sáiz: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
L. Shao: Hebei Normal University
O. Shchegolev: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences
X. D. Sheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. R. Shi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. C. Song: School of Physics, Peking University
Yu. V. Stenkin: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences
V. Stepanov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences
Q. N. Sun: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
X. N. Sun: School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University
Z. B. Sun: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
P. H. T. Tam: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
Z. B. Tang: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
W. W. Tian: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
B. D. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
C. Wang: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
H. G. Wang: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
J. C. Wang: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. S. Wang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
L. P. Wang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
L. Y. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
R. N. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
W. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
W. Wang: School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University
X. G. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University
X. J. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. Y. Wang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
Y. D. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. J. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. P. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Wang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Z. H. Wang: College of Physics, Sichuan University
Z. X. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
D. M. Wei: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. J. Wei: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. J. Wei: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. Wen: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
C. Y. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. R. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. X. Wu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
X. F. Wu: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
S. Q. Xi: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
J. Xia: University of Science and Technology of China
J. J. Xia: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
G. M. Xiang: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
G. Xiao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. B. Xiao: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
G. G. Xin: School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University
Y. L. Xin: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
Y. Xing: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. L. Xu: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
R. X. Xu: School of Physics, Peking University
L. Xue: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
D. H. Yan: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
C. W. Yang: College of Physics, Sichuan University
F. F. Yang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. Y. Yang: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
L. L. Yang: School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University
M. J. Yang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
R. Z. Yang: University of Science and Technology of China
S. B. Yang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
Y. H. Yao: College of Physics, Sichuan University
Z. G. Yao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. M. Ye: Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University
L. Q. Yin: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
N. Yin: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
X. H. You: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Y. You: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. H. Yu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
Q. Yuan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. D. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. X. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. Zeng: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
Z. K. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Zha: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. X. Zhai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
B. B. Zhang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
H. M. Zhang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
H. Y. Zhang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
J. L. Zhang: National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. W. Zhang: College of Physics, Sichuan University
L. Zhang: Hebei Normal University
L. Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
L. X. Zhang: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University
P. F. Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University
P. P. Zhang: Hebei Normal University
R. Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China
S. R. Zhang: Hebei Normal University
S S. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. Zhang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
X. P. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. F. Zhang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
Y. L. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
B. Zhao: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
J. Zhao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
L. Zhao: State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics
L. Z. Zhao: Hebei Normal University
S. P. Zhao: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
F. Zheng: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zheng: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
B. Zhou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Zhou: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
J. N. Zhou: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
P. Zhou: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University
R. Zhou: College of Physics, Sichuan University
X. X. Zhou: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
C. G. Zhu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University
F. R. Zhu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University
H. Zhu: National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
K. J. Zhu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. Zuo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
The LHAASO Collaboration

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09414-z
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 81, no. 7
pp. 1 – 15

Abstract

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Abstract The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this application. Eighteen SiPM-based cameras with square light funnels have been built for WFCTA. The telescopes have collected more than 100 million cosmic ray events and preliminary results indicate that these cameras are capable of working under moonlight. The characteristics of the light funnels and SiPMs pose challenges (e.g. dynamic range, dark count rate, assembly techniques). In this paper, we present the design features, manufacturing techniques and performances of these cameras. Finally, the test facilities, the test methods and results of SiPMs in the cameras are reported here.

Published in European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields

ISSN: 1434-6044 (Print); 1434-6052 (Online)
Publisher: SpringerOpen
Country of publisher: Germany
LCC subjects: Science: Astronomy: Astrophysics; Science: Physics: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity
Website: http://www.springer.com/physics/particle+and+nuclear+physics/journal/10052

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