Synergistic Behavioral Response Effect of Mixtures of <i>Andrographis paniculata</i>, <i>Cananga odorata</i>, and <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> against <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

Each binary mixture formulation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (VZ) with Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees (AP) or Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson (CO) and AP with CO at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 ratios (v:v) was investigated for behavioral responses on laboratory and field strains of Aedes aegypti. Irritant and repellent activities of each formulation were compared with N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) using an excito-repellency test system. The result demonstrated that the mixture of VZ:AP in all combination ratios was the most effective in inducing an irritancy response against the laboratory strain (56.57–73.33%). The highest percentage of escaped mosquitoes exposed to the mixture at a 1:4 ratio (73.33%) was significantly different from DEET (26.67%) (p p < 0.05). There was a weak non-contact escape pattern in all combinations of VZ:CO against the laboratory strains (6.67–31.67%). These findings could lead to the further development of VZ and AP as active ingredients in a repellent that could advance to human use trials.

Keywords

• binary mixture
• repellence
• <i>Andrographis paniculata</i>
• <i>Cananga odorata</i>
• <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i>
• excito-repellency