Human Body Performance with COVID-19 Affectation According to Virus Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques

Mohammed Jawad Ahmed Alathari; Yousif Al Mashhadany; Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar; Norhafizah Burham; Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan; Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar; Norhana Arsad

doi:10.3390/s21248362

Sensors (Dec 2021)

Human Body Performance with COVID-19 Affectation According to Virus Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques

Mohammed Jawad Ahmed Alathari,
Yousif Al Mashhadany,
Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar,
Norhafizah Burham,
Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan,
Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar,
Norhana Arsad

Affiliations

Mohammed Jawad Ahmed Alathari: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Yousif Al Mashhadany: Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar 00964, Iraq
Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Norhafizah Burham: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Norhana Arsad: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248362
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 21, no. 24
p. 8362

Abstract

Read online

Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19’s first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. Thus, researchers were steered to investigate the virus in order to contain the outbreak considering its novelty and there being no known cure. In contribution to that, this paper extensively reviewed, compared, and analyzed two main points; SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in humans and detection methods of COVID-19 in the human body. SARS-CoV-2 human exchange transmission methods reviewed four modes of transmission which are Respiratory Transmission, Fecal–Oral Transmission, Ocular transmission, and Vertical Transmission. The latter point particularly sheds light on the latest discoveries and advancements in the aim of COVID-19 diagnosis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with this disease in the human body. The methods in this review paper were classified into two categories which are RNA-based detection including RT-PCR, LAMP, CRISPR, and NGS and secondly, biosensors detection including, electrochemical biosensors, electronic biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, and optical biosensors.

Published in Sensors

ISSN: 1424-8220 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Technology: Chemical technology
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors

About the journal

Abstract

Keywords