Update on the challenges and recent advances in cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

Gianfranco Baronzio,1 Gurdev Parmar,2 Irina ZH Shubina,3 Valter Cassutti,1 Sergio Giuli,1 Marco Ballerini,1 Mikhail Kiselevsky3 1Centro Medico Demetra: Hyperthermia and Immunity Center, Terni, Italy; 2Integrated Health Clinic, Fort Langley, British Columbia, Canada; 3Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia Abstract: This overview provides an analysis of some of the immunotherapies currently in use and under investigation, with a special focus on the tumor microenvironment, which we believe is a major factor responsible for the general failure of immunotherapy to date. It is our expectation that combining immunotherapy with methods of altering the tumor microenvironment and targeting regulatory T cells and myeloid cells will yield favorable results. Keywords: tumor microenvironment, tumor immunity, immunosuppression, CTLA-4, PD-1, exosomes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Tregs

Keywords

• Tumor Microenvironment
• Tumor Immunity
• Immunosuppression
• CTLA-4
• exosomes
• PD-1
• Myeloid derived suppressor cells
• Treg