Dynamic Viscosity, Surface Tension and Wetting Behavior Studies of Paraffin–in–Water Nano–Emulsions

Abstract

This work analyzes the dynamic viscosity, surface tension and wetting behavior of phase change material nano−emulsions (PCMEs) formulated at dispersed phase concentrations of 2, 4 and 10 wt.%. Paraffin−in−water samples were produced using a solvent−assisted route, starting from RT21HC technical grade paraffin with a nominal melting point at ~293−294 K. In order to evaluate the possible effect of paraffinic nucleating agents on those three properties, a nano−emulsion with 3.6% of RT21HC and 0.4% of RT55 (a paraffin wax with melting temperature at ~328 K) was also investigated. Dynamic viscosity strongly rose with increasing dispersed phase concentration, showing a maximum increase of 151% for the sample containing 10 wt.% of paraffin at 278 K. For that same nano−emulsion, a melting temperature of ~292.4 K and a recrystallization temperature of ~283.7 K (which agree with previous calorimetric results of that emulsion) were determined from rheological temperature sweeps. Nano−emulsions exhibited surface tensions considerably lower than those of water. Nevertheless, at some concentrations and temperatures, PCME values are slightly higher than surface tensions obtained for the corresponding water+SDS mixtures used to produce the nano−emulsions. This may be attributed to the fact that a portion of the surfactant is taking part of the interface between dispersed and continuous phase. Finally, although RT21HC−emulsions exhibited contact angles considerably inferior than those of distilled water, PCME sessile droplets did not rapidly spread as it happened for water+SDS with similar surfactant contents or for bulk−RT21HC.

Keywords

• RT21HC paraffin
• water
• phase change material nano–emulsion (PCME)
• dynamic viscosity
• surface tension
• wetting behavior