Spin-Degeneracy Breaking and Parity Transitions in Three-Terminal Josephson Junctions

Abstract

Hybrid Josephson junctions (JJs) realized in superconductor-semiconductor heterostructures host fermionic modes known as Andreev bound states (ABSs). In these structures, a promising and yet unexplored avenue for harnessing spin and parity degrees of freedom is offered by JJs with three or more superconducting terminals, where phase-induced spin polarization and transitions of the ground state to an odd parity were predicted to arise. Here we spectroscopically probe the two-dimensional band structure of ABSs in a phase-controlled InAs/Al three-terminal JJ. Andreev bands show signatures of spin-degeneracy breaking, with level splitting in excess of ∼9 GHz, and zero-energy crossings associated to ground state fermion parity transitions. Spin splitting and parity transitions are enabled and controlled by locally applied magnetic fluxes, in the absence of Zeeman effect or Coulomb blockade. Our results underscore the potential of multiterminal hybrid devices for phase engineering ABSs, with significant implications for spin- and parity-based quantum devices.