Comparative sectoral price elasticities of U.S. energy demand

Abstract

A sustainable energy system is key for addressing the world’s environmental and social challenges. The U.S is the second largest consumer of energy, with increased energy consumption in the previous half-century. To curb energy demand, it is essential to understand the relative price elasticities among the four main U.S energy consumption sectors; residential, industrial, commercial and transportation. The aim of this study is to present a theory-based comparative analysis of U.S sectoral energy price elasticities using the pooled mean group model. The speed of adjustment for the four sectors were −0.43, −0.41, −0.55 and −0.37, suggesting the existence of long-run relationships. The short-run own-price elasticities were −0.17, −0.39 and −0.27 for the commercial, industrial and residential sectors while the long-run own-price elasticities were −0.33, −0.45 and −0.20 for the commercial, residential and transportation sectors. We conclude that the residential sector readjusts to long-run equilibrium at a faster rate than the three other sectors. In the long run, this sector will yield a higher response to a price change. We suggest that price policies aimed at reducing energy demand should primarily target the residential sector, followed by the commercial and transportation sectors.

Keywords

• elasticity
• pmg
• energy demand
• speed of adjustment
• 48 u.s. states
• 1970 to 2015