A case of Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum septic arthritis successfully treated with surgery, systemic antifungals, and local amphotericin cement beads

Abstract

Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum (H. capsulatum) is a thermally dimorphic fungus that is endemic to the Mississippi River and Ohio River valley regions. Of the hundreds of thousands of patients exposed to this fungus, less than 1% develop a severe illness most commonly manifesting as pulmonary disease. Septic arthritis from hematogenous seeding with H. capsulatum or from direct inoculation has been reported only rarely in the literature. The first case of septic arthritis of the shoulder due to H. capsulatum occurring in an immunocompromised patient, treated successfully with irrigation and debridement, systemic antifungals, and local delivery of amphotericin B with cement beads, is reported here. Importantly, the addition of local amphotericin B delivery by cement beads to conventional treatment likely led to clinical cure in this patient. Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum, Fungal arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Septic arthritis, Antifungals