Analysis of components and related risk factors of urinary stones: a retrospective study of 1055 patients in southern China

Abstract

Abstract We conducted a retrospective study of 1055 patients with urinary stones who attended our single center from September 2017 to June 2024. Clinical data and laboratory indicators of patients were evaluated and compared with stone components. The most common type in our study was calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones (76.6%), followed by infection stones (13.2%) and uric acid (UA) stones (7.8%). Among the 1055 specimens, 899 (85.2%) cases were mixed component stones, of which calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) mixture were the most frequent (34.8%). There were only 156 cases (14.8%) of pure-component stones, of which anhydrous UA was the most frequent (7.0%). There were 738 males and 317 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.33:1. Male dominance was evident in CaOx stones (79.0 vs. 71.0%, P = 0.005). Female dominance was noted in infection stones (21.1 vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that higher serum albumin level was a risk factor for CaOx stone formation (OR = 2.959; 95% CI 1.470–5.953, P = 0.002). Women were more likely to develop infection stones than men (OR = 1.796; 95% CI 1.150–2.803, P = 0.010). As the urine pH increased, the risk of infection stones formation increased (OR = 2.521; 95% CI 1.809–3.513, P < 0.001). Moreover, a history of hypertension (OR = 2.339; 95% CI 1.409–3.881, P = 0.001), low urine pH (OR = 0.242; 95% CI 0.147–0.399, P < 0.001), and low serum albumin level (OR = 0.351; 95% CI 0.125–0.988, P = 0.047) were risk factors for the formation of UA stones.

Keywords

• Urolithiasis
• Stone analysis
• Infrared spectroscopy
• Risk factor