Turbulence in Social Governance Processes: an Overview

Abstract

Social turbulence differs from social change when societies experience relatively unusual or dramatic internal and/ or external discord and pressure to change (Sztompka, 2000; Weinstein, 2010; Harper and Leicht, 2018). As long as there has been social governance, groups, tribes, and nations have experienced turbulence from time to time (Chua, 2019; Drews, 1995). Turbulence in social processes varies greatly in sources, intensity, and perspective (Tarrow, 2022). This essay reviews the fundamental aspects of social turbulence in order to frame current issues creating contemporary turbulence, and in this essay, we pay special attention to internal turbulence trends by providing examples in various types of governments from autocratic to democratically oriented.

Keywords

• social turbulence
• extremism and rad¬icalization
• political upheaval
• radicalism
• social gov¬ernance process.