Timing of Assessment of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity after Influenza Vaccination

Naruhito Otani; Kazuhiko Nakajima; Kumiko Yamada; Kaori Ishikawa; Kaoru Ichiki; Takashi Ueda; Yoshio Takesue; Takuma Yamamoto; Satoshi Higasa; Susumu Tanimura; Yuta Inai; Toshiomi Okuno

doi:10.3390/vaccines12060584

Vaccines (May 2024)

Timing of Assessment of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity after Influenza Vaccination

Naruhito Otani,
Kazuhiko Nakajima,
Kumiko Yamada,
Kaori Ishikawa,
Kaoru Ichiki,
Takashi Ueda,
Yoshio Takesue,
Takuma Yamamoto,
Satoshi Higasa,
Susumu Tanimura,
Yuta Inai,
Toshiomi Okuno

Affiliations

Naruhito Otani: Department of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Kazuhiko Nakajima: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Kumiko Yamada: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Kaori Ishikawa: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Kaoru Ichiki: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Takashi Ueda: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Yoshio Takesue: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Takuma Yamamoto: Department of Legal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Satoshi Higasa: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Hematology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
Susumu Tanimura: Department of Public Health Nursing, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Mie, Japan
Yuta Inai: The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji 768-0065, Kagawa, Japan
Toshiomi Okuno: Department of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060584
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 12, no. 6
p. 584

Abstract

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Assessment of the immune response to influenza vaccines should include an assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the timing of immunological assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immunity after vaccination. Therefore, we investigated the timing of immunological assessments after vaccination using markers of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. In the 2018/2019 influenza season, blood was collected from 29 healthy adults before and after vaccination with a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, and we performed serial measurements of humoral immunity (hemagglutination inhibition [HAI] and neutralizing antibody [NT]) and cell-mediated immunity (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]). The HAI and NT titers before and after vaccination were strongly correlated, but no correlation was observed between the markers of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The geometric mean titer and geometric mean concentration of humoral and cellular immune markers increased within 2 weeks after vaccination and had already declined by 8 weeks. This study suggests that the optimal time to assess the immune response is 2 weeks after vaccination. Appropriately timed immunological assessments can help ensure that vaccination is effective.

Published in Vaccines

ISSN: 2076-393X (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Medicine
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines

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