Ratchet-Based Ion Pumps for Selective Ion Separations

Abstract

The development of a highly selective, membrane-based ion separation technology could significantly improve the sustainability and energy efficiency of water treatment technologies and emerging applications, such as electrochemical CO_{2} reduction, extraction of valuable metals from seawater, and battery recycling. In this work, we show through computational modeling that an electronic flashing ratchet mechanism can be used for high-precision ion separation. The suggested ratchet-based ion pumps utilize a unique feature of electronic ratchets, frequency-dependent current reversal, to drive ions with the same charge, but different diffusion coefficient, in opposite directions. The model shows that ions whose diffusion coefficients differ by as little as 1% can be separated by driving them in opposite directions with a velocity difference as high as 1.2 mm/s. Since the pumping properties of the ratchet are determined by a time-varying electric input signal, the proposed ion pumps could be instrumental in realizing an efficient, large-scale, and fit-for-purpose system for selective ion separation. Examples of ratchet-driven systems for lithium extraction from seawater, lead removal from drinking water, and water desalination are discussed and analyzed.